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MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of potentially harmful stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock, proinflammatory cytokines, but also growth factors (mammals). Possibly located exclusively in the cell nucleus, they regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis. In order to become active, they require usually multiple phosphorylation events in their activation loops, including phosphorylation by MAP2 kinases (Ste-7 kinases), which in turn are phosphorylated by the MAP3 kinase family, of which many are located at the cell membrane. Thus through this pathway, stimuli can effectively be conveyed from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Inactivation of MAPKs takes place by several phosphorylases, including dedicated phophorylases.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades include MAPK or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), MAPK kinase (MKK or MEK), and MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK or MEKK). MAPKK kinase/MEKK phosphorylates and activates its downstream protein kinase, MAPK kinase/MEK, which in turn activates MAPK. The kinases of these signaling cascades are highly conserved, and homologs exist in yeast, Drosophila, and mammalian cells. MEKK1 can phosphorylate and activate MAPKK 1 and MAPKK 2 (MEK1/MEK2) which leads to phosphorylation of MAP kinases. It is also a highly efficient activator of the JNK cascade. The protein contains a putative 1 RING-type zinc finger and 1 SWIM-type zinc finger.
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Protein Aliases: MAP/ERK kinase kinase 1; MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 1; MEK kinase 1; Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
Gene Aliases: MAP3K1; MAPKKK1; MEKK; MEKK 1; MEKK1; SRXY6
UniProt ID: (Human) Q13233
Entrez Gene ID: (Human) 4214
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