Product References
Palmitoylation and PDE6δ regulate membrane-compartment-specific substrate ubiquitylation and degradation.
Cell reports
Liang D,Jiang L,Bhat SA,Missiroli S,Perrone M,Lauriola A,Adhikari R,Gudur A,Vasi Z,Ahearn I,Guardavaccaro D,Giorgi C,Philips M,Kuchay S
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Tue Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2023
FBXL4 ubiquitin ligase deficiency promotes mitophagy by elevating NIX levels.
The EMBO journal
Elcocks H,Brazel AJ,McCarron KR,Kaulich M,Husnjak K,Mortiboys H,Clague MJ,Urbé S
71-8700 was used in Western Blot to show that the compound MLN4924, which globally interferes with cullin-RING ligase activity, is a strong inducer of mitophagy, thus providing a research tool in this context and a candidate therapeutic agent for conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mon Jul 03 00:00:00 EDT 2023
FBXO44 promotes DNA replication-coupled repetitive element silencing in cancer cells.
Cell
Shen JZ,Qiu Z,Wu Q,Finlay D,Garcia G,Sun D,Rantala J,Barshop W,Hope JL,Gimple RC,Sangfelt O,Bradley LM,Wohlschlegel J,Rich JN,Spruck C
71-8700 was used in Immunoprecipitation to demonstrate that FBXO44/SUV39H1 are crucial repressors of RE transcription, and their inhibition selectively induces DNA replication stress and viral mimicry in cancer cells.
Thu Jan 21 00:00:00 EST 2021
A class of viral inducer of degradation of the necroptosis adaptor RIPK3 regulates virus-induced inflammation.
Immunity
Liu Z,Nailwal H,Rector J,Rahman MM,Sam R,McFadden G,Chan FK
71-8700 was used in Flow Cytometry to identify a viral inhibitor that binds to the host SKP1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) machinery and the essential necroptosis kinase receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3).
Tue Feb 09 00:00:00 EST 2021
Entamoeba histolytica activation of caspase-1 degrades cullin that attenuates NF-κB dependent signaling from macrophages.
PLoS pathogens
Chadha A,Moreau F,Wang S,Dufour A,Chadee K
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Wed Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2021
Entamoeba histolytica activation of caspase-1 degrades cullin that attenuates NF-κB dependent signaling from macrophages.
PLoS pathogens
Chadha A,Moreau F,Wang S,Dufour A,Chadee K
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Wed Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2021
FBXL5 Regulates IRP2 Stability in Iron Homeostasis via an Oxygen-Responsive [2Fe2S] Cluster.
Molecular cell
Wang H,Shi H,Rajan M,Canarie ER,Hong S,Simoneschi D,Pagano M,Bush MF,Stoll S,Leibold EA,Zheng N
71-8700 was used in Western Blot to identify an iron-sulfur cluster within FBXL5, which promotes IRP2 polyubiquitination and degradation in response to both iron and oxygen concentrations.
Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 EDT 2020
FBXW7 Triggers Degradation of KMT2D to Favor Growth of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Cells.
Cancer research
Saffie R,Zhou N,Rolland D,Önder Ö,Basrur V,Campbell S,Wellen KE,Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ,Capell BC,Busino L
71-8700 was used in Western Blot to assessed the role of the E3 ligase FBXW7 in mature B-cell neoplasms.
Mon Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020
FBXW7 Triggers Degradation of KMT2D to Favor Growth of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Cells.
Cancer research
Saffie R,Zhou N,Rolland D,Önder Ö,Basrur V,Campbell S,Wellen KE,Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ,Capell BC,Busino L
71-8700 was used in Western Blot to assessed the role of the E3 ligase FBXW7 in mature B-cell neoplasms.
Mon Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020
Overexpression of IFIT2 inhibits the proliferation of chronic myeloid leukemia cells by regulating the BCR‑ABL/AKT/mTOR pathway.
International journal of molecular medicine
Zhang Z,Li N,Liu S,Jiang M,Wan J,Zhang Y,Wan L,Xie C,Le A
71-8700 was used in Western Blot to investigate the role of interferon‚induced protein with tetratricopeptde repeats 2 in chronic myeloid leukemia.
Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2020
The F-Box Domain-Dependent Activity of EMI1 Regulates PARPi Sensitivity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers.
Molecular cell
Marzio A,Puccini J,Kwon Y,Maverakis NK,Arbini A,Sung P,Bar-Sagi D,Pagano M
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Thu Jan 17 00:00:00 EST 2019
Unanchored tri-NEDD8 inhibits PARP-1 to protect from oxidative stress-induced cell death.
The EMBO journal
Keuss MJ,Hjerpe R,Hsia O,Gourlay R,Burchmore R,Trost M,Kurz T
71-8700 was used in Western Blotting to show that trimeric, acetylated NEDD8 attenuates PARP-1 activation after oxidative stress, likely to delay the initiation of PARP-1-dependent cell death.
Fri Mar 15 00:00:00 EDT 2019
The circadian E3 ligase complex SCFFBXL3+CRY targets TLK2.
Scientific reports
Correia SP,Chan AB,Vaughan M,Zolboot N,Perea V,Huber AL,Kriebs A,Moresco JJ,Yates JR,Lamia KA
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Thu Jan 17 00:00:00 EST 2019
Partial proteasomal degradation of Lola triggers the male-to-female switch of a dimorphic courtship circuit.
Nature communications
Sato K,Ito H,Yokoyama A,Toba G,Yamamoto D
71-8700 was used in Immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that partial proteasomal degradation of Lola triggers the male-to-female switch of a dimorphic courtship circuit in Drosophila.
Fri Jan 11 00:00:00 EST 2019
The Protein Neddylation Inhibitor MLN4924 Suppresses Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells via Inhibition of ERK and AKT Signaling.
Cancers
Han S,Shin H,Oh JW,Oh YJ,Her NG,Nam DH
71-8700 was used in Western Blot to suggest that patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells in the context of ERK and AKT activation are sensitive and highly regulated by neddylation inhibition.
Fri Nov 22 00:00:00 EST 2019
Loss of KLHL6 promotes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma growth and survival by stabilizing the mRNA decay factor roquin2.
Nature cell biology
Choi J,Lee K,Ingvarsdottir K,Bonasio R,Saraf A,Florens L,Washburn MP,Tadros S,Green MR,Busino L
71-8700 was used in Western Blotting to elucidate the tumour suppressing mechanism of kelch-like protein 6.
Tue May 01 00:00:00 EDT 2018
PTEN counteracts FBXL2 to promote IP3R3- and Ca2+-mediated apoptosis limiting tumour growth.
Nature
Kuchay S,Giorgi C,Simoneschi D,Pagan J,Missiroli S,Saraf A,Florens L,Washburn MP,Collazo-Lorduy A,Castillo-Martin M,Cordon-Cardo C,Sebti SM,Pinton P,Pagano M
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Thu Jun 22 00:00:00 EDT 2017
Characterization of the mammalian family of DCN-type NEDD8 E3 ligases.
Journal of cell science
Keuss MJ,Thomas Y,Mcarthur R,Wood NT,Knebel A,Kurz T
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2016
Targeted inhibition of the COP9 signalosome for treatment of cancer.
Nature communications
Schlierf A,Altmann E,Quancard J,Jefferson AB,Assenberg R,Renatus M,Jones M,Hassiepen U,Schaefer M,Kiffe M,Weiss A,Wiesmann C,Sedrani R,Eder J,Martoglio B
718700 was used in western blot to identify and characterize an inhibitor of the COP9 signalosome
Mon Oct 24 00:00:00 EDT 2016
COP9-Signalosome deneddylase activity is enhanced by simultaneous neddylation: insights into the regulation of an enzymatic protein complex.
Cell division
Bornstein G,Grossman C
71-8700 was used in western blot to study the effect of neddylation on COP9-Signalosome deneddylase activity
Wed Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2015
Pan-cancer genetic analysis identifies PARK2 as a master regulator of G1/S cyclins.
Nature genetics
Gong Y,Zack TI,Morris LG,Lin K,Hukkelhoven E,Raheja R,Tan IL,Turcan S,Veeriah S,Meng S,Viale A,Schumacher SE,Palmedo P,Beroukhim R,Chan TA
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Sun Jun 01 00:00:00 EDT 2014
CSN6 drives carcinogenesis by positively regulating Myc stability.
Nature communications
Chen J,Shin JH,Zhao R,Phan L,Wang H,Xue Y,Post SM,Ho Choi H,Chen JS,Wang E,Zhou Z,Tseng C,Gully C,Velazquez-Torres G,Fuentes-Mattei E,Yeung G,Qiao Y,Chou PC,Su CH,Hsieh YC,Hsu SL,Ohshiro K,Shaikenov T,Wang H,Yeung SC,Lee MH
71-8700 was used in immunoprecipitation and western blot to identify the mechanistic link between Cullin neddylation and Myc ubiquitination/degradation
Fri Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2014
CSN6 drives carcinogenesis by positively regulating Myc stability.
Nature communications
Chen J,Shin JH,Zhao R,Phan L,Wang H,Xue Y,Post SM,Ho Choi H,Chen JS,Wang E,Zhou Z,Tseng C,Gully C,Velazquez-Torres G,Fuentes-Mattei E,Yeung G,Qiao Y,Chou PC,Su CH,Hsieh YC,Hsu SL,Ohshiro K,Shaikenov T,Wang H,Yeung SC,Lee MH
71-8700 was used in immunoprecipitation and western blot to identify the mechanistic link between Cullin neddylation and Myc ubiquitination/degradation
Fri Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2014
CSN6 drives carcinogenesis by positively regulating Myc stability.
Nature communications
Chen J,Shin JH,Zhao R,Phan L,Wang H,Xue Y,Post SM,Ho Choi H,Chen JS,Wang E,Zhou Z,Tseng C,Gully C,Velazquez-Torres G,Fuentes-Mattei E,Yeung G,Qiao Y,Chou PC,Su CH,Hsieh YC,Hsu SL,Ohshiro K,Shaikenov T,Wang H,Yeung SC,Lee MH
71-8700 was used in immunoprecipitation and western blot to identify the mechanistic link between Cullin neddylation and Myc ubiquitination/degradation
Fri Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2014
CSN6 drives carcinogenesis by positively regulating Myc stability.
Nature communications
Chen J,Shin JH,Zhao R,Phan L,Wang H,Xue Y,Post SM,Ho Choi H,Chen JS,Wang E,Zhou Z,Tseng C,Gully C,Velazquez-Torres G,Fuentes-Mattei E,Yeung G,Qiao Y,Chou PC,Su CH,Hsieh YC,Hsu SL,Ohshiro K,Shaikenov T,Wang H,Yeung SC,Lee MH
71-8700 was used in immunoprecipitation and western blot to identify the mechanistic link between Cullin neddylation and Myc ubiquitination/degradation
Fri Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2014
CSN6 drives carcinogenesis by positively regulating Myc stability.
Nature communications
Chen J,Shin JH,Zhao R,Phan L,Wang H,Xue Y,Post SM,Ho Choi H,Chen JS,Wang E,Zhou Z,Tseng C,Gully C,Velazquez-Torres G,Fuentes-Mattei E,Yeung G,Qiao Y,Chou PC,Su CH,Hsieh YC,Hsu SL,Ohshiro K,Shaikenov T,Wang H,Yeung SC,Lee MH
71-8700 was used in immunoprecipitation and western blot to identify the mechanistic link between Cullin neddylation and Myc ubiquitination/degradation
Fri Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2014
HERC2 targets the iron regulator FBXL5 for degradation and modulates iron metabolism.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Moroishi T,Yamauchi T,Nishiyama M,Nakayama KI
71-8700 was used in western blot to study the role of HERC2 in FBXL5 degradation and iron metabolism
Fri Jun 06 00:00:00 EDT 2014
HERC2 targets the iron regulator FBXL5 for degradation and modulates iron metabolism.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Moroishi T,Yamauchi T,Nishiyama M,Nakayama KI
71-8700 was used in western blot to study the role of HERC2 in FBXL5 degradation and iron metabolism
Fri Jun 06 00:00:00 EDT 2014
Fbw7 dimerization determines the specificity and robustness of substrate degradation.
Genes & development
Welcker M,Larimore EA,Swanger J,Bengoechea-Alonso MT,Grim JE,Ericsson J,Zheng N,Clurman BE
71-8700 was used in western blot to identify novel functions of Fbw7 dimerization on substrate degradation.
Sun Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2013
Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome activity by dysregulating EMI1 expression in mitosis.
Virology
Yu Y,Munger K
71-8700 was used in western blot to study the effect of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein on the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome and its mechanism
Fri Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2013
Selective enhancing effect of early mitotic inhibitor 1 (Emi1) depletion on the sensitivity of doxorubicin or X-ray treatment in human cancer cells.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Shimizu N,Nakajima NI,Tsunematsu T,Ogawa I,Kawai H,Hirayama R,Fujimori A,Yamada A,Okayasu R,Ishimaru N,Takata T,Kudo Y
Fri Jun 14 00:00:00 EDT 2013
Regulation of pluripotency and cellular reprogramming by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Cell stem cell
Buckley SM,Aranda-Orgilles B,Strikoudis A,Apostolou E,Loizou E,Moran-Crusio K,Farnsworth CL,Koller AA,Dasgupta R,Silva JC,Stadtfeld M,Hochedlinger K,Chen EI,Aifantis I
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri Dec 07 00:00:00 EST 2012
NEDD8 links cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase function to the p97 pathway.
Nature structural & molecular biology
den Besten W,Verma R,Kleiger G,Oania RS,Deshaies RJ
71-8700 was used in western blot to show that NEDD8 links CRL ubiquitin ligase function to the p97 pathway.
Sun Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2012
Cullin-3 regulates late endosome maturation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Huotari J,Meyer-Schaller N,Hubner M,Stauffer S,Katheder N,Horvath P,Mancini R,Helenius A,Peter M
Tue Jan 17 00:00:00 EST 2012
β-TrCP-mediated IRAK1 degradation releases TAK1-TRAF6 from the membrane to the cytosol for TAK1-dependent NF-κB activation.
Molecular and cellular biology
Cui W,Xiao N,Xiao H,Zhou H,Yu M,Gu J,Li X
71-8700 was used in western blot to report that the SCF-β-TrCP complex functions as the K48-linked ubiquitination E3 ligase for IRAK.
Mon Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 2012
UBXN7 docks on neddylated cullin complexes using its UIM motif and causes HIF1α accumulation.
BMC biology
Bandau S,Knebel A,Gage ZO,Wood NT,Alexandru G
Thu Apr 26 00:00:00 EDT 2012
SCF(FBXO22) regulates histone H3 lysine 9 and 36 methylation levels by targeting histone demethylase KDM4A for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation.
Molecular and cellular biology
Tan MK,Lim HJ,Harper JW
71-8700 was used in western blot to study the effect of SCF on histone H3 lysine 9 and 36 methylation and its mechanism
Thu Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2011
The human COP9 signalosome protects ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 3 (UBC3/Cdc34) from beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP)-mediated degradation.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Fernandez-Sanchez ME,Sechet E,Margottin-Goguet F,Rogge L,Bianchi E
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri Jun 04 00:00:00 EDT 2010
The human COP9 signalosome protects ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 3 (UBC3/Cdc34) from beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP)-mediated degradation.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Fernandez-Sanchez ME,Sechet E,Margottin-Goguet F,Rogge L,Bianchi E
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri Jun 04 00:00:00 EDT 2010
The human COP9 signalosome protects ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 3 (UBC3/Cdc34) from beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP)-mediated degradation.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Fernandez-Sanchez ME,Sechet E,Margottin-Goguet F,Rogge L,Bianchi E
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri Jun 04 00:00:00 EDT 2010
Diversity in tissue expression, substrate binding, and SCF complex formation for a lectin family of ubiquitin ligases.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Glenn KA,Nelson RF,Wen HM,Mallinger AJ,Paulson HL
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri May 09 00:00:00 EDT 2008
Diversity in tissue expression, substrate binding, and SCF complex formation for a lectin family of ubiquitin ligases.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Glenn KA,Nelson RF,Wen HM,Mallinger AJ,Paulson HL
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri May 09 00:00:00 EDT 2008
Regulation of postsynaptic RapGAP SPAR by Polo-like kinase 2 and the SCFbeta-TRCP ubiquitin ligase in hippocampal neurons.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Ang XL,Seeburg DP,Sheng M,Harper JW
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Fri Oct 24 00:00:00 EDT 2008
Selective cochlear degeneration in mice lacking the F-box protein, Fbx2, a glycoprotein-specific ubiquitin ligase subunit.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
Nelson RF,Glenn KA,Zhang Y,Wen H,Knutson T,Gouvion CM,Robinson BK,Zhou Z,Yang B,Smith RJ,Paulson HL
71-8700 was used in western blot to investigate the role of Fbx2 in ear homeostasis
Wed May 09 00:00:00 EDT 2007
TAZ promotes PC2 degradation through a SCFbeta-Trcp E3 ligase complex.
Molecular and cellular biology
Tian Y,Kolb R,Hong JH,Carroll J,Li D,You J,Bronson R,Yaffe MB,Zhou J,Benjamin T
71-8700 was used in western blot to use knockout mice and zebrafish to study the contribution of TAZ to polycystic kidney disease
Sat Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2007
Substrate-mediated regulation of cullin neddylation.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Chew EH,Hagen T
71-8700 was used in Western Blotting to suggest a mechanism through which availability of substrate recognition subunits and substrates can regulate the ubiquitin ligase activity.
Fri Jun 08 00:00:00 EDT 2007
Substrate-mediated regulation of cullin neddylation.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Chew EH,Hagen T
71-8700 was used in Western Blotting to suggest a mechanism through which availability of substrate recognition subunits and substrates can regulate the ubiquitin ligase activity.
Fri Jun 08 00:00:00 EDT 2007
Regulation of neddylation and deneddylation of cullin1 in SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase by F-box protein and substrate.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Bornstein G,Ganoth D,Hershko A
Published figure using Cullin 1 polyclonal antibody (Product # 71-8700) in Western Blot
Tue Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2006
The COP9 signalosome regulates Skp2 levels and proliferation of human cells.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Denti S,Fernandez-Sanchez ME,Rogge L,Bianchi E
71-8700 was used in western blot to examine how the COP9 signalosome regulates the cell cycle in human cells
Fri Oct 27 00:00:00 EDT 2006
The COP9 signalosome regulates Skp2 levels and proliferation of human cells.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Denti S,Fernandez-Sanchez ME,Rogge L,Bianchi E
71-8700 was used in western blot to examine how the COP9 signalosome regulates the cell cycle in human cells
Fri Oct 27 00:00:00 EDT 2006
A novel route for F-box protein-mediated ubiquitination links CHIP to glycoprotein quality control.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Nelson RF,Glenn KA,Miller VM,Wen H,Paulson HL
71-8700 was used in western blot to study CHIP and Fbx2 interactions
Fri Jul 21 00:00:00 EDT 2006
SCFbeta-TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Shirogane T,Jin J,Ang XL,Harper JW
Fri Jul 22 00:00:00 EDT 2005
SCFbeta-TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Shirogane T,Jin J,Ang XL,Harper JW
Fri Jul 22 00:00:00 EDT 2005
Multiple functions of Jab1 are required for early embryonic development and growth potential in mice.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Tomoda K,Yoneda-Kato N,Fukumoto A,Yamanaka S,Kato JY
Fri Oct 08 00:00:00 EDT 2004
Degradation of Cdc25A by beta-TrCP during S phase and in response to DNA damage.
Nature
Busino L,Donzelli M,Chiesa M,Guardavaccaro D,Ganoth D,Dorrello NV,Hershko A,Pagano M,Draetta GF
Thu Nov 06 00:00:00 EST 2003
The F-box protein SKP2 mediates androgen control of p27 stability in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.
BMC cell biology
Lu L,Schulz H,Wolf DA
71-8700 was used in western blot to assess the role of the SKP2 F-box protein in p27 regulation in prostate cancer.
Tue Aug 20 00:00:00 EDT 2002
A dominant-negative UBC12 mutant sequesters NEDD8 and inhibits NEDD8 conjugation in vivo.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Wada H,Yeh ET,Kamitani T
71-8700 was used in western blot to investigate the relationship between NEDD8 and UBC2.
Fri Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2000
A dominant-negative UBC12 mutant sequesters NEDD8 and inhibits NEDD8 conjugation in vivo.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Wada H,Yeh ET,Kamitani T
71-8700 was used in western blot to investigate the relationship between NEDD8 and UBC2.
Fri Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2000
The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene product promotes, but is not essential for, NEDD8 conjugation to cullin-2.
The Journal of biological chemistry
Wada H,Yeh ET,Kamitani T
71-8700 was used in Western Blotting to conclude that the VBC complex appears to have ligase activity in the conjugation of NEDD8 to Cul-2.
Fri Dec 10 00:00:00 EST 1999
