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Heat-mediated antigen retrieval is recommended prior to staining, using a 10mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0, for 10 minutes followed by cooling at room temperature for 20 min. Following antigen retrieval, incubate samples with primary antibody for 30 min at room temperature. A suggested positive control is colon carcinoma.
IRS-1, a major substrate of the insulin receptor, is phosphorylated in response to stimulation of cells by insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). IRS-1 is phosphorylated on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues in a variety of tissues. An insulin-sensitive serine/threonine kinase casein kinase II mediates a portion of the insulin-stimulated serine/threonine phosphorylation of overexpressed IRS-1 in vivo. Thr 502 is identified as the major casein kinase II-catalyzed phosphorylation site in rat IRS-1, and Ser 99 is an additional phosphorylation site catalyzed by casein kinase II. Thus, casein kinase II-catalyzed phosphorylation of IRS-1 may be a component of the intracellular insulin signaling cascade. IRS-1 contains three putative binding sites for 14-3-3 (Ser 270, Ser 374 and Ser 641) and the motif around Ser 270 is located in the phosphortyrosine binding domain of IRS-1, which is responsible for the interaction with the insulin receptor.
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