Porcine Nasal Sampling

Monitoring

Oral fluids may be used to monitoring in animals with signs of disease, but are used for prognostic profiling to estimate the circulation of pathogens in swine population. Prognostic profiling is not a diagnostic procedure and therefore oral fluid should not be used to rule out infections.

Detection of antibodies (e.g., ELISA-based tests)—oral fluid samples can be tested for the presence of antibodies against PRRSV. Serological testing is NOT suitable for ubiquitous pathogens such as PCV2.

Detection of pathogen RNA/DNA (PCR-based tests)—the presence of pathogens causing pneumonia such as M. hyopneumoniae, PRRSV, SIV, etc., can be confirmed in oral fluid using PCR, but their presence does not necessarily correlate with disease.

Animal selection

Deciding which animals to take samples from depends on the desired outcome (keep in mind that for monitoring purposes other materials are likely to be more feasible):

Detection of infection—Select animals with clinical signs.

Tracking infection over time (i.e., longitudinal examination)*—Take the first samples on day 1 and repeat samples from the same animals 2 to 4 weeks later.

To determine the infection status in different groups (i.e., cross-sectional examination)*—Take samples from animals of different ages, e.g., 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age.

* If serological testing is to be used, send all samples to the laboratory in one batch to avoid potential variation between different batches of test kits.

Sample size

Due to lack of data on the diagnostic sensitivity of oral fluid sampling, final recommendations for an appropriate sample size have yet to be established. The sample size is dependent on the ‘unit of observation’, which cannot be more detailed than ‘pen level’.

Assuming that all animals within particular pens have the same or at least a similar infection status, then a head count, followed by comparison of this number to figures in Table 1, may be used as a rough guide. The total number of animals tested by oral fluid should be equal or higher than the appropriate number in the table. The minimum number of samples is 2, in order to lower the impact of a potential false negative result in the laboratory.

Samples sizes may vary based on in-herd prevalence level of a disease, the tested disease itself, confidence level of the outcome, the requested test method and the purpose of the sampling.

Table 1

Preparation

Use a new and clean, unbleached cotton rope of a diameter appropriate to the size/age of the pigs (approx. 1 cm for weaners and 2 cm for growers/finishers). Do not use synthetic ropes, since these will not absorb the same amount of saliva as cotton.

The length of the rope depends on the means of fixing it in the pen: fixing under the ceiling requires a longer rope, for example, than knotting to the pen wall.

One rope is sufficient to sample up to 10 to 15 pigs. If pens are stocked with more pigs, the number of ropes has to be increased.

Use a new rope for each pen.

Use a sterile collection tube for each oral fluid sample (5–12 mL). Tubes should NOT contain any salts, etc.

In the case of pulse feeding (e.g., liquid feeding systems), try to take samples before or at least 2 hours after feeding, because otherwise pigs are too inactive and will not pay sufficient attention to the rope.

Storage

Store the sample in a refrigerator until shipment to the laboratory, which should be within 1 day. If this is not possible (e.g., in the case of a longitudinal assessment), freeze it at –20 to –80°C.

Shipment

Before sending any samples, it is worthwhile contacting the laboratory to check they have validated tests for oral fluids available. Tests which have been established for serum or tissue cannot be used for oral fluids without further validation and adjustment where required.

Material from diseased animals is usually classified as ‘Biological substance, category B’ according to UN regulations (UN 3373). It must be shipped in compliance with national regulations and, at least for international shipment, in compliance with ‘Packing Instruction 650’ specified by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). National regulations and IATA instructions may change over time. If you have doubt about the actual regulations, please ask your courier or the lab.

The sample should be accompanied by a case history and examination form, including:

• Name of veterinarian
• Name of farmer/herd owner
• Invoicing information
• Species/breed and age of sampled animals
• Date samples were taken
• Number of samples
• Type of samples
• Identification/labelling of samples (correlation between numbers on the samples and ear tags on pigs)
• Specified test that should be performed, such as ‘quantitative real-time PCR for PRRSV’ rather than just ‘PRRSV detection’; or ‘ELISA for detection of antibodies against PRRSV’ rather than just ‘PRRSV detection’
• Results from any previous tests which do not need to be repeated

Good background information can help the laboratory conduct the most appropriate tests and provide advice in context.

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