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table of Elements
Holmium
Holmium X-ray photoelectron spectra, holmium electron configuration, and other elemental information.
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Holmium • Lanthanide Rare Earth
Primary XPS region: Ho4d
Overlapping regions: N/A
Binding energies of common chemical states: N/A
Experimental information
N/A
Interpretation of XPS spectra
N/A
About this element
Symbol: Ho
Date of discovery: 1878
Name origin: Latin holmia
Appearance: silver
Discoverer: J.L. Soret
Obtained from: gadolinite
Melting point: 1470 K
Boiling Ppoint: 2720 K
Density[kg/m3]: 8.795
Molar volume: 18.74 × 10-6 m3/mol
Protons/Electrons: 67
Neutrons: 98
Shell structure: 2,8,18,29,8,2
Electron configuration: [Xe]4f116s2
Oxidation state: 3
Crystal structure: hexagonal
Holmium is stable in dry air at room temperature, but is rapidly oxidized in moist air or when heated. Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any naturally-occurring element and possesses other unusual magnetic properties. The element has been used to create the strongest artificially-generated magnetic fields and is also used in nuclear control rods. Solid state holmium lasers are found in a variety of medical and dental settings. One such application is used to break up kidney stones while being minimally-invasive.
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