Cadmium • Transition Metal

Primary XPS region: Cd3d
Overlapping regions: N1s, Hf4p1/2, Sc2p
Binding energies of common chemical states:

Chemical stateBinding energy Cd3d5/2
Cd metal405.1 eV
CdS405.1 eV

 

Experimental information
  • Small binding energy shifts of some compounds compared to cadmium metal.
    • Chemical state differentiation can be difficult with XPS only.
    • Collect principal Cd MNN peak as well as Cd3d.
      • Bigger chemical shifts observed for Cd MNN compared to Cd3d.

 

Interpretation of XPS spectra
  • Cd3d region has well separated spin-orbit components (Δmetalsub>=6.8eV).
    • Peaks have asymmetric peak shape for metal.
    • Loss features are observed to higher binding energy side of 3d3/2 spin-orbit component for Cd metal.
  •  

element-cadmium-xpsspectra-650x330

 

  • Small or negligible binding energy shifts for compounds, such as oxides or sulfide.
    • Cd3d peaks broaden with respect to metal peaks for compounds..
    • Use X-ray-induced Cd MNN Auger peaks to aid chemical state assignment.

 

About this element
Element Crystal Hex

Symbol: Cd
Date of discovery: 1817
Name origin: Greek kadmeia
Appearance: silvery
Discoverer: Fredrich Stromeyer
Obtained from: by-product, zinc refining

Melting point: 320.9 K
Boiling point: 765 K
Density[kg/m3]: 8.65
Molar volume: 13.00 × 10-6 m3/mol
Protons/Electrons: 48
Neutrons: 64
Shell structure: 2,8,18,18,2
Electron configuration: [Kr]4d105s2
Oxidation state: 2
Crystal structure: hexagonal

This very soft metal is often found as an impurity in zinc. After being discovered in Germany in 1817, cadmium was mainly produced in that country for the next 100 years. Although highly toxic, cadmium and its compounds were used as a medication to treat several illnesses in the early 1900’s. Today, cadmium is recognized as a cause of several types of cancer. Cadmium poisoning is called itai-itai disease in Japan (literally "ouch ouch" disease) due to the severe pain it causes. Cadmium is used in batteries, pigments, coatings and plating, and is used as a stabilizer for plastics.

 

element_cadmium

Products

Nexsa G2 XPS

  • Micro-focus X-ray sources
  • Unique multi-technique options
  • Dual-mode ion source for monoatomic & cluster ion depth profiling
Style Sheet for Instrument Cards Original

K-Alpha XPS

  • High resolution XPS
  • Fast, efficient, automated workflow
  • Ion source for depth profiling

ESCALAB QXi XPS

  • High spectral resolution
  • Multi-technique surface analysis
  • Extensive sample preparation and expansion options

Contact us

Style Sheet for Global Design System
Style Sheet for Komodo Tabs
Style Sheet to change H3 to p with em-h3-header class
Style Sheet to change H2 style to p with em-h2-header class
Style Sheet for Products Table Specifications
Style Sheet for Global Design System
Style Sheet for Komodo Tabs
Style Sheet to change H3 to p with em-h3-header class
Style Sheet to change H2 style to p with em-h2-header class
Style Sheet for Products Table Specifications
Fix for left nav
Style Sheet for Support and Service footer
Style Sheet for Fonts
Style Sheet for Cards

Electron microscopy services for
the materials science

To ensure optimal system performance, we provide you access to a world-class network of field service experts, technical support, and certified spare parts.