Invitrogen

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Monoclonal Antibody (MTS510), eBioscience™

Advanced Verification

This Antibody was verified by Cell treatment to ensure that the antibody binds to the antigen stated.

22 Published Figures

39 References

View all (10) TLR4/MD-2 antibodies

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Protocols

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Datasheet

Protocols

Questions & Answers

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Antibody in Flow Cytometry (Flow)

FIGURE: 1 / 24

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Antibody (14-9924-82) in Flow

Staining of thioglycolate-induced peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) with Anti-Mouse TLR4/MD-2 Complex PE.Appropriate isotype controls were used (open histogram).Cells in the large scatter population were used for analysis.

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Antibody in Immunocytochemistry (ICC/IF)

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Antibody in Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Antibody in Western Blot (WB)

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Antibody in Neutralization (Neu)

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Product Details

14-9924-82

Applications

Tested Dilution

Publications

Western Blot (WB)

View 4 publications 4 publications

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

View 3 publications 3 publications

Immunohistochemistry (Frozen) (IHC (F))

Assay-Dependent

View 1 publication 1 publication

Immunocytochemistry (ICC/IF)

View 2 publications 2 publications

Flow Cytometry (Flow)

1 µg/test

View 8 publications 8 publications

Immunoprecipitation (IP)

Assay-Dependent

Neutralization (Neu)

Assay-Dependent

View 14 publications 14 publications

Functional Assay (Functional)

Assay-Dependent

View 4 publications 4 publications

Inhibition Assays (IA)

View 3 publications 3 publications

Product Specifications

Species Reactivity

Mouse

Published species

Human, Mouse, Rat

Host/Isotype

Rat / IgG2a, kappa

Class

Monoclonal

Type

Antibody

Clone

MTS510

Conjugate

Unconjugated Unconjugated Unconjugated

Form

Liquid

Concentration

0.5 mg/mL

Purification

Affinity chromatography

Storage buffer

PBS, pH 7.2

Contains

0.09% sodium azide

Storage conditions

4° C

Shipping conditions

Ambient (domestic); Wet ice (international)

RRID

AB_468617

Product Specific Information

Description: The MTS510 monoclonal antibody reacts with the mouse Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MD-2 complex. At least ten members of the Toll family have been identified. This family of type I transmembrane proteins is characterized by an extracellular domain with leucine-rich repeats and a cytoplasmic domain with homology to the type I IL-1 receptor. Two of these receptors, TLR2 and TLR4, are pattern recognition receptors and signaling molecules in response to bacterial lipoproteins and have been implicated in innate immunity and inflammation. TLR4 physically associates with MD-2, and together with CD14, this complex is responsible for LPS recognition and signaling. In the mouse, TLR4 is expressed by thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. Incubation of peritoneal macrophages with LPS results in down regulation of surface TLR4/MD-2. The TLR4 gene is defective in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice, both of which have been well characterized as hyporesponders to LPS.

The MTS510 monoclonal antibody co-immunoprecipitates MD-2 (~30 kDa) and TLR4 (~100 kDa), and preferentially reacts with TLR4 that is associated with MD-2. In comparison, binding of the UT41 monoclonal antibody occurs with and without formation of the TLR4/MD-2 complex. Please contact eBioscience Technical Support for further information.

Applications Reported: This MTS510 antibody has been reported for use in flow cytometric analysis, immunoprecipitation, immunohistology staining of frozen tissue sections and inhibition of LPS-induced cytokine production. (Please use Functional Grade purified MTS510, Product # 16-9924-81, in functional assays).

Applications Tested: The MTS510 antibody has been tested by flow cytometric analysis of mouse thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells. This can be used at less than or equal to 1 µg per test. A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. Cell number should be determined empirically but can range from 10^5 to 10^8 cells/test. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest.

Purity: Greater than 90%, as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Aggregation: Less than 10%, as determined by HPLC.

Filtration: 0.2 µm post-manufacturing filtered.

Target Information

MD-2 is a member of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) family, a group of proteins that include the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are signaling molecules that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR4, the major signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), requires the binding of MD-2 to its extracellular region for maximal response to LPS. The specificity of this response is determined by the species of MD-2; e.g., human MD-2 transfected into mouse cells can cause mouse TLR4 to react to LPS analogs that are normally antagonistic to human but not mouse TLR4.

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Not for resale without express authorization.

Product References

Hydroxychloroquine attenuates neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Journal of neuroinflammation

Hu J,Wang X,Chen X,Fang Y,Chen K,Peng W,Wang Z,Guo K,Tan X,Liang F,Lin L,Xiong Y

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Western Blot

Mon Mar 28 00:00:00 EDT 2022

Lycopene Inhibits Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in House Dust Mite-Stimulated Respiratory Epithelial Cells.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Choi J,Lim JW,Kim H

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Immunocytochemistry

Mon May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2021

Inflammatory signaling in dengue-infected platelets requires translation and secretion of nonstructural protein 1.

Blood advances

Quirino-Teixeira AC,Rozini SV,Barbosa-Lima G,Coelho DR,Carneiro PH,Mohana-Borges R,Bozza PT,Hottz ED

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Neutralization

Tue May 12 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Chanzyme TRPM7 Mediates the Ca²⁺ Influx Essential for Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toll-Like Receptor 4 Endocytosis and Macrophage Activation.

Immunity

Schappe MS,Szteyn K,Stremska ME,Mendu SK,Downs TK,Seegren PV,Mahoney MA,Dixit S,Krupa JK,Stipes EJ,Rogers JS,Adamson SE,Leitinger N,Desai BN

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Flow Cytometry

Tue Jan 16 00:00:00 EST 2018

Soluble CD83 Inhibits T Cell Activation by Binding to the TLR4/MD-2 Complex on CD14⁺ Monocytes.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Horvatinovich JM,Grogan EW,Norris M,Steinkasserer A,Lemos H,Mellor AL,Tcherepanova IY,Nicolette CA,DeBenedette MA

14-9924 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to investigate the mechanism of action underlying the tolerogenic function of soluble CD83.

Wed Mar 15 00:00:00 EDT 2017

High mobility group box 1 induces calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells via toll-like receptor 4.

Molecular medicine reports

Shen W,Zhou J,Wang C,Xu G,Wu Y,Hu Z

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Neutralization

Mon May 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017

A polysaccharide component from Strongylocentrotus nudus eggs inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma in mice by activating T lymphocytes.

Oncology letters

Zhang M,Liu Y,Li J,Ke M,Yu J,Dou J,Wang H,Zhou C

14-9924 was used in Functional assays to indicate that SEP-S is a polysaccharide component possessing high anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity.

Wed Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2017

Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Suppresses Toll-like Receptor 4 Expression via Up-regulation of E3 Ubiquitin-protein Ligase RNF216.

The Journal of biological chemistry

Kumazoe M,Nakamura Y,Yamashita M,Suzuki T,Takamatsu K,Huang Y,Bae J,Yamashita S,Murata M,Yamada S,Shinoda Y,Yamaguchi W,Toyoda Y,Tachibana H

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Flow Cytometry

Fri Mar 10 00:00:00 EST 2017

Identification of a novel mechanism of blood-brain communication during peripheral inflammation via choroid plexus-derived extracellular vesicles.

EMBO molecular medicine

Balusu S,Van Wonterghem E,De Rycke R,Raemdonck K,Stremersch S,Gevaert K,Brkic M,Demeestere D,Vanhooren V,Hendrix A,Libert C,Vandenbroucke RE

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Immunofluorescence

Sat Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Anti-TLR4-Antibody MTS510 in Experimental Stroke and Significance of Different Routes of Application.

PloS one

Andresen L,Theodorou K,Grünewald S,Czech-Zechmeister B,Könnecke B,Lühder F,Trendelenburg G

14-9924 was used in Inhibition experiments to demonstrate that blocking TLR4 by the use of specific mAb is a promising strategy for stroke therapy.

Fri Jul 08 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Re-polarizing Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) with Cationic Polymers for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Scientific reports

He W,Liang P,Guo G,Huang Z,Niu Y,Dong L,Wang C,Zhang J

14-9924 was used in Blocking experiments to suggest that the cationic polymers can effectively and directly re-polarize MDSCs from an immunosuppressive characteristic to an anti-tumour phenotype, leading to successful restoration of immune surveillance in the tumour microenvironment and elimination of tumour cells.

Thu Apr 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Chronic exposure to low dose bacterial lipopolysaccharide inhibits leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons.

Physiology & behavior

de La Serre CB,de Lartigue G,Raybould HE

Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2015

Chronic exposure to low dose bacterial lipopolysaccharide inhibits leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons.

Physiology & behavior

de La Serre CB,de Lartigue G,Raybould HE

Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2015

S100A9 induced inflammatory responses are mediated by distinct damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP) receptors in vitro and in vivo.

PloS one

Chen B,Miller AL,Rebelatto M,Brewah Y,Rowe DC,Clarke L,Czapiga M,Rosenthal K,Imamichi T,Chen Y,Chang CS,Chowdhury PS,Naiman B,Wang Y,Yang D,Humbles AA,Herbst R,Sims GP

14-9924-82 was used in Inhibition Assays to assess the capacity of S100 proteins to induce proinflammatory cytokines and cell migration, and the contribution of RAGE and TLR4 to mediate these responses in vitro.

Tue Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2015

S100A9 induced inflammatory responses are mediated by distinct damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP) receptors in vitro and in vivo.

PloS one

Chen B,Miller AL,Rebelatto M,Brewah Y,Rowe DC,Clarke L,Czapiga M,Rosenthal K,Imamichi T,Chen Y,Chang CS,Chowdhury PS,Naiman B,Wang Y,Yang D,Humbles AA,Herbst R,Sims GP

Tue Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2015

Toll-like receptor 4 mediates inflammatory cytokine secretion in smooth muscle cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein.

PloS one

Yang K,Zhang XJ,Cao LJ,Liu XH,Liu ZH,Wang XQ,Chen QJ,Lu L,Shen WF,Liu Y

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Immunofluorescence

Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 EST 2015

Toll-like receptor 4 mediates inflammatory cytokine secretion in smooth muscle cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein.

PloS one

Yang K,Zhang XJ,Cao LJ,Liu XH,Liu ZH,Wang XQ,Chen QJ,Lu L,Shen WF,Liu Y

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Immunofluorescence

Tue Jan 20 00:00:00 EST 2015

SAA does not induce cytokine production in physiological conditions.

Cytokine

Kim MH,de Beer MC,Wroblewski JM,Webb NR,de Beer FC

14-9924 was used in Blocking experiments to investigate the role of SAA in the production of inflammatory cytokines.

Fri Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2013

Inefficient TLR4/MD-2 heterotetramerization by monophosphoryl lipid A.

PloS one

Casella CR,Mitchell TC

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Flow Cytometry

Mon Nov 11 00:00:00 EST 2013

Defective antiviral responses of induced pluripotent stem cells to baculoviral vector transduction.

Journal of virology

Chen GY,Hwang SM,Su HJ,Kuo CY,Luo WY,Lo KW,Huang CC,Chen CL,Yu SH,Hu YC

Published figure using TLR4/MD-2 Complex monoclonal antibody (Product # 14-9924-82) in Flow Cytometry

Wed Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2012

Natural IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies attenuate excess inflammation mediated by innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involving Th-17.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Lobo PI,Bajwa A,Schlegel KH,Vengal J,Lee SJ,Huang L,Ye H,Deshmukh U,Wang T,Pei H,Okusa MD

14-9924 was used in Immunofluorescence to investigate whether physiologic doses of IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies are able to regulate the inflammatory response in mice.

Wed Feb 15 00:00:00 EST 2012

The molecular chaperone gp96/GRP94 interacts with Toll-like receptors and integrins via its C-terminal hydrophobic domain.

The Journal of biological chemistry

Wu S,Hong F,Gewirth D,Guo B,Liu B,Li Z

14-9924 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to determine how the client-binding domain (CBD) within the gp96/GRP94 molecular chaperone binds to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and integrins.

Fri Feb 24 00:00:00 EST 2012

Oncogenic Kras expression in postmitotic neurons leads to S100A8-S100A9 protein overexpression and gliosis.

The Journal of biological chemistry

Ryu MJ,Liu Y,Zhong X,Du J,Peterson N,Kong G,Li H,Wang J,Salamat S,Chang Q,Zhang J

14-9924 was used in Blocking experiments to determine how Ras signalling in neurones promotes gliosis and astrocytoma formation in a cell nonautonomous manner.

Fri Jun 29 00:00:00 EDT 2012

Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens attenuate IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

PloS one

Tang GX,Zhou HJ,Xu JW,Xu JM,Ji MJ,Wu HW,Wu GL

14-9924 was used in Blocking experiments to elucidate the innate immune-related molecular events involved in the interaction between S. japonicum and its host.

Tue May 07 00:00:00 EDT 2013

Early interleukin 6 production by leukocytes during ischemic acute kidney injury is regulated by TLR4.

Kidney international

Chen J,Hartono JR,John R,Bennett M,Zhou XJ,Wang Y,Wu Q,Winterberg PD,Nagami GT,Lu CY

14-9924 was used in Functional assays to study the regulation of leukocytes' early interleukin 6 production during ischemic acute kidney injury.

Thu Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2011

Structure and immunological characterization of the capsular polysaccharide of a pyrogenic liver abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: activation of macrophages through Toll-like receptor 4.

The Journal of biological chemistry

Yang FL,Yang YL,Liao PC,Chou JC,Tsai KC,Yang AS,Sheu F,Lin TL,Hsieh PF,Wang JT,Hua KF,Wu SH

14-9924 was used in Neutralization experiments to demonstrate that pyrogenic liver abscess K. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide induces secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 by macrophages through Toll-like receptor 4.

Fri Jun 17 00:00:00 EDT 2011

TLR4 signaling in effector CD4+ T cells regulates TCR activation and experimental colitis in mice.

The Journal of clinical investigation

González-Navajas JM,Fine S,Law J,Datta SK,Nguyen KP,Yu M,Corr M,Katakura K,Eckman L,Lee J,Raz E

14-9924 was used in Neutralization experiments to show that TLR4 triggering on CD4+ T cells affects their phenotype and ability to provoke intestinal inflammation.

Mon Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2010

Distinct roles of complement receptor 3, Dectin-1, and sialic acids in murine macrophage interaction with Histoplasma yeast.

Journal of leukocyte biology

Lin JS,Huang JH,Hung LY,Wu SY,Wu-Hsieh BA

14-9924 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to delineate the distinct roles of CR3, Dectin-1, and sialic acids in the interaction with Histoplasma.

Thu Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2010

Distinct roles of complement receptor 3, Dectin-1, and sialic acids in murine macrophage interaction with Histoplasma yeast.

Journal of leukocyte biology

Lin JS,Huang JH,Hung LY,Wu SY,Wu-Hsieh BA

14-9924 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to delineate the distinct roles of CR3, Dectin-1, and sialic acids in the interaction with Histoplasma.

Thu Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2010

Serum amyloid A induces G-CSF expression and neutrophilia via Toll-like receptor 2.

Blood

He RL,Zhou J,Hanson CZ,Chen J,Cheng N,Ye RD

14-9924 was used in Neutralization experiments to investigate the role of serum amyloid A in inflammation and infection.

Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 EST 2009

Legionella lipoprotein activates toll-like receptor 2 and induces cytokine production and expression of costimulatory molecules in peritoneal macrophages.

Experimental & molecular medicine

Shim HK,Kim JY,Kim MJ,Sim HS,Park DW,Sohn JW,Kim MJ

14-9924 was used in Blocking experiments to investigate the role of peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein activation of TLR2 in immune responses against L. pneumophila.

Sat Oct 31 00:00:00 EDT 2009

PPARgamma agonist, rosiglitazone, regulates angiotensin II-induced vascular inflammation through the TLR4-dependent signaling pathway.

Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology

Ji Y,Liu J,Wang Z,Liu N,Gou W

14-9924 was used in Neutralization experiments to suggest that TLR4 may be involved in the ameliorative effects of rosiglitazone on Ang II-mediated inflammatory responses in VSMCs.

Sat Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2009

Effect of cigarette smoke extract on dendritic cells and their impact on T-cell proliferation.

PloS one

Mortaz E,Kraneveld AD,Smit JJ,Kool M,Lambrecht BN,Kunkel SL,Lukacs NW,Nijkamp FP,Folkerts G

14-9924 was used in Functional assays to analyze the effects of cigarette smoke extract on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.

Wed Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2009

Lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or interleukin-1beta triggers reactivation of latent cytomegalovirus in immunocompetent mice.

Journal of virology

Cook CH,Trgovcich J,Zimmerman PD,Zhang Y,Sedmak DD

14-9924 was used in Immuno-assay to conclude that inflammatory disease states besides sepsis may be capable of reactivating CMV from latency.

Fri Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2006

TLRs regulate the gatekeeping functions of the intestinal follicle-associated epithelium.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

Chabot S,Wagner JS,Farrant S,Neutra MR

Sat Apr 01 00:00:00 EST 2006

Toll-like receptor 4 protects against lethal Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection and contributes to in vivo control of leptospiral burden.

Infection and immunity

Viriyakosol S,Matthias MA,Swancutt MA,Kirkland TN,Vinetz JM

14-9924-82 was used in Functional assay to examine the role of Toll-like receptors in mouse infection and macrophage responses to Leptospira.

Wed Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2006

Reishi polysaccharides induce immunoglobulin production through the TLR4/TLR2-mediated induction of transcription factor Blimp-1.

The Journal of biological chemistry

Lin KI,Kao YY,Kuo HK,Yang WB,Chou A,Lin HH,Yu AL,Wong CH

14-9924 was used in Neutralization experiments to investigate the function of the main polysaccharide fraction of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in B lymphocyte activation and differentiation.

Fri Aug 25 00:00:00 EDT 2006

Platelets express functional Toll-like receptor-4.

Blood

Andonegui G,Kerfoot SM,McNagny K,Ebbert KV,Patel KD,Kubes P

14-9924 was used in Flow cytometry/Cell sorting to study platelets expressing functional levels of TLR4, which contribute to thrombocytopenia through neutrophil-dependent pulmonary sequestration in response to LPS.

Sat Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 2005

Toll-like receptor 4 signaling regulates cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation and lipid generation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.

The Journal of biological chemistry

Qi HY,Shelhamer JH

14-9924 was used in Western Blotting to show that Toll-like receptor 4 is essential for cytosolic phospholipase A(2)-initiated/regulated pro-inflammatory lipid production in response to LPS challenge.

Fri Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2005

Bacterium-induced CXCL10 secretion by osteoblasts can be mediated in part through toll-like receptor 4.

Infection and immunity

Gasper NA,Petty CC,Schrum LW,Marriott I,Bost KL

14-9924 was used in an ELISA assay to suggest that osteoblast-derived CXCL10 may recruit T lymphocytes to the sites of bone infections.

Thu Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2002

Bioinformatics

Protein Aliases: ARMD10; CD284; ESOP-1; lipopolysaccharide response; Ly-96; Lymphocyte antigen 96; myeloid differentiation factor-2; myeloid differentiation protein-2; Protein MD-2; TLR-4; TOLL; Toll-like receptor 4

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Gene Aliases: ESOP-1; Esop1; Lps; Ly87; Ly96; MD-2; MD2; Ran/M1; Rasl2-8; Tlr4

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UniProt ID: (Mouse) Q9JHF9, (Mouse) Q9QUK6

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Entrez Gene ID: (Mouse) 17087, (Mouse) 21898

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Function(s)

lipopolysaccharide receptor activity protein binding lipopolysaccharide binding receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding scaffold/adaptor protein

Process(es)

Performance Guarantee

If an Invitrogen™ antibody doesn't perform as described on our website or datasheet,we'll replace the product at no cost to you, or provide you with a credit for a future purchase.*

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TLR4/MD-2 Complex Monoclonal Antibody (MTS510), eBioscience™

TLR4/MD-2 Complex Antibody (14-9924-82) in Flow

Product Details

14-9924-82

Western Blot (WB)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Immunohistochemistry (Frozen) (IHC (F))

Immunocytochemistry (ICC/IF)

Flow Cytometry (Flow)

Immunoprecipitation (IP)

Neutralization (Neu)

Functional Assay (Functional)

Inhibition Assays (IA)

Species Reactivity

Published species

Host/Isotype

Class

Type

Clone

Conjugate

Form

Concentration

Purification

Storage buffer

Contains

Storage conditions

Shipping conditions

RRID

Product Specific Information

Target Information

Bioinformatics

Performance Guarantee

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