The relatively new discovery that pluripotent human cells can be derived from somatic cells through the expression of exogenous genes has generated great excitement and promise in the fields of biology and cell therapy [1–5]. These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be used to further our understanding of basic cellular mechanisms, discover new therapeutic drugs, and treat illnesses through cell therapy. Unlike embryonic stem cells (ESCs), iPSCs do not present any cultural or ethical barriers for use, are derived from somatic cells that are plentiful, and can potentially overcome immune rejection issues when used for cell therapy. Invitrogen’s broad technology platform provides optimized tools for all aspects of iPSC research—from the isolation and expansion of somatic cells to the validation and differentiation of iPSCs. Complete growth systems for isolating and expanding somatic cells are optimized for either keratinocytes or fibroblasts. For reprogramming, the drug-inducible ViraPower™ HiPerform™ iPSC lentiviral particles enable precise gene delivery into your desired cell type, and the Neon™ Transfection System allows efficient delivery of vectors into somatic cells.

Isolating and Expanding Keratinocytes

The most common cell types used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from skin. Although the majority of studies to date have utilized fibroblasts for reprogramming efforts, more recently it has been demonstrated that epidermal keratinocytes can be reprogrammed with higher frequency [1]. This may be particularly significant for cell therapy applications because keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in skin, especially in the adult, and exhibit a longer in vitro lifespan. A variety of culture media and supplements are available to support the growth of normal human skin cells, as well as reagents for their isolation, subculture, and cryopreservation (Table 1).Two growth systems—extended-lifespan and classic—are available for keratinocyte culture. The extended-lifespan growth system family features the most advanced basal medium for human keratinocyte culture, EpiLife® Basal Medium. This medium more than doubles the in vitro lifespan of human keratinocytes when compared to classic growth media (Figure 1). When combined with a single-addition growth supplement, EpiLife® Medium supports the rapid proliferation of human keratinocytes with culture lifespans of greater than 50 population doublings, even in samples from adult donors. 

Supplements available for EpiLife® Basal Medium range from the defined, animal origin–free Supplement S7, to the standard supplement (Human Keratinocyte Growth Supplement) containing bovine pituitary extract. The classic keratinocyte growth systems include the tried-and-true Keratinocyte-SFM, which contains bovine pituitary extract, and the defined, xeno-free medium Defined Keratinocyte-SFM.

Keratinocytes in EpiLife® Medium Compared to Competitor 
Figure 1. Extended lifespan of keratinocytes grown in EpiLife® medium compared to growth in a competitor’s medium. Normal Neonatal Human Keratinocytes  were grown in EpiLife® medium and in a keratinocyte medium from a leading competitor. Cultures grown in EpiLife® medium demonstrated population doublings over an extended period compared to cells grown in the competitor’s medium.

Table 1. Cells and Reagents for Somatic Cell Isolation, Expansion, and Reprogramming.

Product Quantity
KERATINOCYTE ISOLATION AND EXPANSION
Human Epidermal Keratinocytes, adult (HEKa)≥500,000 viable cells
Human Epidermal Keratinocytes, neonatal (HEKn)≥500,000 viable cells
EpiLife® Medium500 mL
Supplement S75 mL
Human Keratinocyte Growth Supplement5 mL, 100X
EpiLife® Defined Growth Supplement5 mL, 100X
Defined Keratinocyte-SFM500 mL
Keratinocyte-SFM500 mL
FIBROBLAST ISOLATION AND EXPANSION
Human Dermal Fibroblasts, adult (HDFa)≥500,000 viable cells
Human Dermal Fibroblasts, neonatal (HDFn)≥500,000 viable cells
Medium 106500 mL
Low Serum Growth Supplement10 mL, 50X
Synth-a-Freeze® Cryopreservation Medium50 mL
Fetal Bovine Serum, ES Cell-Qualified500 mL
SOMATIC CELL REPROGRAMMING
iPSC Lentivirus—Nanog100 μL, 6.92 x 107 particles
iPSC Lentivirus—Klf4100 μL, 9.90 x 107 particles
iPSC Lentivirus—Lin28100 μL, 3.64 x 107 particles
iPSC Lentivirus—Sox2100 μL, 1.57 x 105 particles
iPSC Lentivirus—Oct4100 μL, 6.50 x 106 particles
iPSC Lentivirus—cMyc100 μL, 4.90 x 107 particles

Isolating and Expanding Fibroblasts

For fibroblasts, both low-serum and classic serum–containing media are available (Table 1). Medium 106 has been optimized to support the growth of dermal fibroblasts in a reduced-serum environment. When combined with Low Serum Growth Supplement, Medium 106 supports the optimal growth of dermal fibroblasts in a 2% fetal bovine serum environment. The classic growth systems utilize high-quality GIBCO® DMEM supplemented with highly qualified fetal bovine serum. Dermal fibroblasts can be isolated and serially propagated in either of these systems utilizing the TrypLE™ subculture reagent, which maintains high viability.In addition to these serum-containing fibroblast growth systems, a xeno-free fibroblast growth system is in development. Cryopreserved dermal fibroblasts from either neonatal foreskin or adult skin are also available and are ready to use for reprogramming experiments.

Save Time with Ready-to-Use Somatic Cells

As an alternative to performing the isolation of keratinocytes from skin, ready-to-use cryopreserved keratinocytes and other somatic cell types can be used to create induced pluripotent stem cells. Invitrogen offers a wide range of somatic cell types and associated media, including hepatocytes, vascular cells, adipose-derived stem cells, and neuronal cells.

Methods for Reprogramming

Initial reports describing the creation of iPSCs used retroviruses to reprogram fibroblasts. Shinya Yamanaka’s lab showed that four factors (Oct4, Sox2, KLF4, and c-Myc) expressed in somatic cells were sufficient to induce reprogramming of murine and human fibroblasts [2,3]. Jamie Thomson and colleagues used lentiviruses expressing a different set of factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28) to reprogram human fibroblasts [4].

Retroviruses and lentiviruses are randomly integrating viruses that are extremely efficient at transfecting multiple cell types and provide high levels of short-term expression of the required transgenes. While retroviruses are only able to infect dividing cells, lentiviruses can infect both dividing and nondividing cells [6], making them a preferred choice for reprogramming experiments.

Deliver Reprogramming Factors with Maximum Efficiency

Invitrogen’s ViraPower™ HiPerform™ iPSC lentiviral products deliver reprogramming factors at high titer and high expression to convert somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. With all six transcription factors used by the Yamanaka and Thomson labs to choose from [5] as ready-to-use lentiviral particles, the ViraPower™ HiPerform™ particles enable the delivery of a precise number of gene copies to your desired cell (Figure 2).

Drug-inducible lentiviral particles allow temporal control of reprogramming factor expression, providing efficient tools for reprogramming factor screens and optimization of reprogramming conditions. ViraPower™ HiPerform™ iPSC lentiviral particles were constructed with the pLenti6.3 tetO DEST vector, allowing inducible expression of the reprogramming factor(s) of interest and precise control of expression level. Cells cotransduced with Lenti6.3/TetR virus particles and ViraPower™ HiPerform™ iPSC lentivirus particles do not express the reprogramming factors until the addition of tetracycline.
Reprogrammed Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Figure 2. Human dermal fibroblasts reprogrammed with ViraPower™ HiPerform™ iPSC lentiviral particles. (Left) Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) from a 34-year old female were transduced at day 0 with ViraPower™ HiPerform™ iPSC lentiviral particles containing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. (Center) iPSC colony surrounded by HDFs at day 14. (Right) Large iPSC colony at day 75. Data provided by Yasuyuki Asai, ReproCELL Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

References

  1. Aasen T, Raya A, Barrero MJ et al. (2008) Nat Biotechnol 26:1276–1284.
  2. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Cell 126:663–676.
  3. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M et al. (2007) Cell 131:861–872.
  4. Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K et al. (2007) Science 318:1917–1920.
  5. Maherali N, Hochedlinger K (2008) Cell Stem Cell 3:595–605.
  6. Naldini L, Blömer U, Gallay P et al. (1996) Science 272:263–267.
For Research Use Only. Not intended for any animal or human therapeutic or diagnostic use.