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Transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins that regulate the expression of genes. In the process, they can increase or decrease the level of transcription of specific genes. Because transcription factors influence the creation of proteins—which themselves can act as signaling molecules—there are a wide variety of pathways that fall under this area, including the AKT, JAK/STAT, and MAPK family pathways.
Akt is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in mediating various biological responses, such as inhibition of apoptosis.
The JAK/STAT pathway is a signaling cascade whose evolutionarily conserved roles include cell proliferation and hematopoiesis.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) belong to a large family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are conserved in organisms as diverse as yeast and humans.
NANOG is a transcription factor transcribed in pluripotent stem cells and is down-regulated upon cell differentiation.
Tumor protein p53 is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates the expression of a wide variety of genes involved in apoptosis, growth arrest, or senescence in response to genotoxic or cellular stress.
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