Search Thermo Fisher Scientific
- Home›
- Technical Reference Library›
- The Molecular Probes Handbook›
- List of Tables›
- Techniques for loading molecules into the cytoplasm—Table 14.1
Techniques for Loading Molecules Into the Cytoplasm—Table 14.1
- List of Tables
- Molecular Probes amine-reactive dyes—Table 1.1
- Active esters and kits for labeling proteins and nucleic acids—Table 1.2
- Molecular Probes kits for protein and nucleic acid labeling—Table 1.3
- Alexa Fluor active esters and kits for labeling proteins and nucleic acids—Table 1.4
- Fluorescence quantum yields (QY) and lifetimes (τ) for Alexa Fluor dyes—Table 1.5
- R<0> values for some Alexa Fluor dyes—Table 1.6
- Amine-reactive BODIPY dyes—Table 1.7
- Amine-reactive xanthene derivatives—Table 1.8
- Amine-reactive, orange- and red-fluorescent fluorophores—Table 1.9
- Molecular Probes nonfluorescent quenchers and photosensitizers—Table 1.10
- R<0> values for QSY and dabcyl quenchers—Table 1.11
- Amine-reactive, ultraviolet light–excitable fluorophores for labeling proteins and nucleic acids—Table 1.12
- Amine-reactive, environment-sensitive fluorophores—Table 1.13
- Molecular Probes thiol-reactive dyes excited with visible light—Table 2.1
- Molecular Probes thiol-reactive dyes excited with ultraviolet light—Table 2.2
- Molecular Probes azide and alkyne derivatives—Table 3.1
- Molecular Probes hydrazine, hydroxylamine and amine derivatives—Table 3.2
- Biotinylation and desthiobiotinylation reagents—Table 4.1
- Selected haptenylation reagents and their anti-hapten antibodies—Table 4.2
- Sensitivity of the FluoReporter Biotin Quantitation Assay Kit for biotinylated nucleic acids with varying degrees of biotinylation—Table 4.3
- Molecular Probes heterobifunctional crosslinkers—Table 5.1
- Properties of six different caging groups—Table 5.2
- Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA) Kits—Table 6.1
- Spectral data for B-PE, R-PE and APC—Table 6.2
- Tandem conjugates of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE)—Table 6.3
- Tandem conjugates of allophycocyanin (APC)—Table 6.4
- Molecular Probes yellow-green–fluorescent FluoSpheres beads compared with other commercially available yellow-green–fluorescent microspheres—Table 6.5
- Fluorescein equivalents in Molecular Probes yellow-green–fluorescent FluoSpheres beads—Table 6.6
- Summary of FluoSpheres fluorescent microspheres—Table 6.7
- Summary of biotin-, streptavidin- and NeutrAvidin biotin-binding protein–labeled FluoSpheres microspheres—Table 6.8
- Summary of TransFluoSpheres fluorescent microspheres—Table 6.9
- Extinction coefficients of Qdot nanocrystal streptavidin conjugates at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths—Table 6.10
- Qdot nanocrystal secondary antibody conjugates—Table 6.11
- Qdot nanocrystal anti–human CD antibody conjugates—Table 6.12
- Summary of Molecular Probes secondary antibody conjugates—Table 7.1
- Molecular Probes goat anti-mouse isotype-specific antibodies—Table 7.2
- Alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase enzyme conjugates—Table 7.3
- Fluorescent dyes successfully tested with the Image-iT FX signal enhancer—Table 7.4
- NANOGOLD, Alexa Fluor FluoroNanogold and colloidal gold conjugates—Table 7.5
- Binding profiles of protein A and protein G—Table 7.6
- Zenon Antibody Labeling Kits—Table 7.7
- Anti-fluorophore and anti-hapten antibodies—Table 7.8
- Molecular Probes avidin, streptavidin, NeutrAvidin and CaptAvidin conjugates—Table 7.9
- Molecular Probes lectin conjugates—Table 7.10
- Specialty nucleic acid reagents for molecular biology—Table 8.1
- Cell membrane–impermeant cyanine nucleic acid stains—Table 8.2
- Cell-permeant cyanine nucleic acid stains—Table 8.3
- Properties of classic nucleic acid stains—Table 8.4
- Molecular Probes ChromaTide and aha labeled nucleotides—Table 8.5
- Molecular Probes nucleic acid labeling kits—Table 8.6
- Amine-reactive dyes for nucleic acid sequencing—Table 8.7
- Selection guide for the Qubit and Quant-iT Assay Kits—Table 8.8
- A comparison of reagents for detecting and quantitating proteins in solution—Table 9.1
- SYPRO and Coomassie Fluor luminescent and fluorescent protein gel stains—Table 9.2
- Molecular Probes fluorescent and luminescent protein blot stains—Table 9.3
- Pro-Q Diamond gel stain reagents and kits—Table 9.4
- Pro-Q Emerald glycoprotein stain kits for gels and for blots—Table 9.5
- Glycosidase enzymes and their fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates—Table 10.1
- Rhodamine 110–based bis-peptide substrates—Table 10.2
- RediPlate Assay Kits—Table 10.3
- Detection limits of the EnzChek Protease Assay Kits—Table 10.4
- Advantages of the Amplex UltraRed reagent over chromogenic reagents—Table 10.5
- CellLight reagents and their targeting sequences—Table 11.1
- Spectral characteristics of Molecular Probes actin-selective probes—Table 11.2
- Molecular Probes fluorescent organelle stains—Table 12.1
- Spectral characteristics of the MitoTracker probes—Table 12.2
- Summary of our LysoTracker and LysoSensor probes—Table 12.3
- Phospholipids with labeled head groups—Table 13.1
- Spectral properties of some lipid probes—Table 13.2
- Techniques for loading molecules into the cytoplasm—Table 14.1
- Fluorescence characteristics of NeuroTrace fluorescent Nissl stains—Table 14.2
- Summary of our lipophilic carbocyanine and aminostyryl tracers—Table 14.3
- Molecular Probes dextran conjugates—Table 14.4
- FluoSpheres microspheres for blood flow determination—Table 14.5
- FluoSpheres blood flow and color kits—Table 14.6
- FluoSpheres and TransFluoSpheres microspheres for tracing—Table 14.7
- Molecular Probes europium and platinum luminescent FluoSpheres microspheres—Table 14.8
- Esterase substrates for cell viability studies—Table 15.1
- Molecular Probes assay kits for cell viability, cell counting and bacterial gram staining—Table 15.2
- Some organisms that have been successfully stained with our LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kits—Table 15.3
- Molecular Probes apoptosis assay kits—Table 15.4
- Fluorogenic substrates for caspase activity—Table 15.5
- Fluorescent detection reagents for imaging mitochondria and lysosomes—Table 15.6
- Fluorescent lipopolysaccharide conjugates—Table 16.1
- Transferrin conjugates—Table 16.2
- BioParticles fluorescent bacteria and yeast—Table 16.3
- Labeled and unlabeled alpha-bungarotoxins—Table 16.4
- Kinase assay platforms—Table 17.1
- Spectroscopic properties of MANT-ATP in aqueous solution (pH 8)—Table 17.2
- Fluorescence-based phospholipase assays—Table 17.3
- Reactive oxygen species—Table 18.1
- Scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS)—Table 18.2
- Tetrazolium salts for detecting redox potential in living cells and tissues—Table 18.3
- Fluorescence response of APF, HPF and H2DCFDA to various reactive oxygen species (ROS)—Table 18.4
- Summary of Molecular Probes fluorescent Ca2+ indicators—Table 19.1
- Comparison of in vitro and in situ Kd values for various Ca2+ indicators—Table 19.2
- Parallel performance comparison of fluo-3 and fluo-4 on Molecular Devices FLIPR system—Table 19.3
- Coelenterazines and their properties—Table 19.4
- Response of fura-2 and indo-1 to some divalent cations other than Ca2+ and Mg2+—Table 19.5
- Fluorescent indicators for Zn2+—Table 19.6
- Ca2+ affinities of BAPTA chelators—Table 19.7
- Molecular Probes pH indicator families, in order of decreasing pKa—Table 20.1
- Summary of the pH response of our LysoSensor probes—Table 20.2
- Molecular Probes pH indicator dextrans, in order of decreasing pKa—Table 20.3
- Reactive pH indicator dyes—Table 20.4
- Characteristics and selected applications of Molecular Probes fast-response probes—Table 22.1
- Characteristics and selected applications of Molecular Probes slow-response probes—Table 22.2
- Spectral characteristics of Molecular Probes dyes—Table 23.1
- Fluorescence excitation sources—Table 23.2
- Contents of FocalCheck fluorescence microscope test slides—Table 23.3
- Spectroscopic data for components of the Reference Dye Sampler Kit—Table 23.4
- CultureWell cell culture systems and chambered coverslips—Table 23.5
- CoverWell chamber gaskets—Table 23.6
- Press-to-Seal gaskets and Secure-Seal spacers—Table 23.7
- Tools for hybridization experiments—Table 23.8
- Spectral characteristics of Cell Sorting Set-Up Beads—Table 23.9
- Molecular Probes Handbook
- Table of Contents
- Fluorescence Fundamentals
- Chapter 1—Fluorophores and Their Amine-Reactive Derivatives
- Chapter 2—Thiol-Reactive Probes
- Chapter 3—Click Chemistry and other Functional Group Modifications
- Chapter 4—Biotin and Hapten Derivatives
- Chapter 5—Crosslinking and Photoactivatable Reagents
- Chapter 6—Ultrasensitive Detection Technology
- Chapter 7—Antibodies, Avidins and Lectins
- Chapter 8—Nucleic Acid Detection and Analysis
- Chapter 9—Protein Detection and Analysis
- Chapter 10—Enzyme Substrates and Assays
- Chapter 11—Probes for Cytoskeletal Proteins
- Chapter 12—Probes for Organelles
- Chapter 13—Probes for Lipids and Membranes
- Chapter 14—Fluorescent Tracers of Cell Morphology and Fluid Flow
- Chapter 15—Assays for Cell Viability, Proliferation and Function
- Chapter 16—Probes for Endocytosis, Receptors and Ion Channels
- Chapter 17—Probes for Signal Transduction
- Chapter 18—Probes for Reactive Oxygen Species, Including Nitric Oxide
- Chapter 19—Indicators for Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Other Metal Ions
- Chapter 20—pH Indicators
- Chapter 21—Indicators for Na+, K+, Cl– and Miscellaneous Ions
- Chapter 22—Probes for Membrane Potential
- Chapter 23—Antifades and Other Tools for Fluorescence Applications
- List of Tables
- Technical Notes and Product Highlights
Table 14.1 Techniques for loading molecules into the cytoplasm.
| Method of Plasma Membrane Breach | Size of Molecules Loaded (MW) * |
|---|---|
| Chemical | |
ATP  | 1000 |
| Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) | 150,000; (DNA) |
| Influx pinocytic cell-loading reagent (I14402) | 150,000 |
| α-Toxin of Staphylococcus aureus | 1000 |
| Vehicle | |
| Red blood cell fusion | 300,000 |
| Cationic lipids (Lipofectamine reagents) | (DNA) |
| Mechanical | |
| Microinjection | 150,000 |
| Whole-cell patch clamping | Very high |
| Carbon nanotubes and nanowires | 150,000; (DNA) |
| Scrape loading | 500,000; (DNA) |
| Ultrasonication | 70,000; (DNA) |
| Microprojectile bombardment | 10,000; (DNA) |
| Glass beads | 150,000 |
| Electrical | |
| Electroporation † | 150,000; (DNA) |
| * Molecular weight (MW) of largest molecules reported loaded (DNA is listed separately if it has been successfully introduced by a technique). † We recommend the Neon® Transfection System (www.invitrogen.com/neon) for efficient electroporation of cultured cell lines, primary cells and stem cells. | |
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.