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This product contains Dynabeads® Protein G for immunoprecipitation
Intended Use
Dynabeads® Protein G is designed for immunoprecipitation of proteins, protein complexes, protein-nucleic acid complexes and other antigens.
Principle
Antibody (Ab) is added to the Dynabeads® Protein G. During a short incubation the Ab will bind to the Dynabeads® via their Fc region. The tube is then placed on a Dynal magnet, where the beads will migrate to the side of the tube facing the magnet and allow for easy removal of the supernatant. The bead-bound Ab may now be used for immunoprecipitation. Bound material is easily collected utilizing the unique magnetic properties of the Dynabeads®. Magnetic separation facilitates washing, buffer changes and elution.
Description of Materials
Material supplied
Dynabeads® Protein G are uniform, 2.8 μm, superparamagnetic beads with recombinant Protein G (approx. 17 kDa) covalently coupled to the surface. The beads are supplied at a concentration of 30 mg/ml in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, containing 0.01% Tween®-20 and 0.09% sodium azide (NaN3).
Cat.no. 10003D: 1 ml
Cat.no. 10004D: 5 ml
Additional Materials Required
- Magnet: e.g DynaMag™-2 (see www.lifetechnologies.com/magnets for further information and magnet recommendations)
- Mixer allowing tilting and rotation of tubes
The below are general recommendations, alternative buffers of your choice may also be used. Please see Technical Advice for details.
- Cell lysis buffer, e.g. Cell Extraction Buffer (Cat. no. FNN0011) or NP40 Cell Lysis Buffer (Cat. no. FNN0021) from Invitrogen
- PBS pH7.4
- PBS pH7.4 w/ 0.02% Tween 20
- 50 mM Glycine pH 2.8 (elution buffer)
- NuPAGE LDS Sample Buffer and NuPAGE Sample Reducing Agent (elution buffer)
Antibody selection
The choice of primary antibody is the most important factor for successful target antigen capture. Note that some antibodies may show reduced antigen-binding efficiency for immunoprecipitation, even though the antibody shows good results in other immunological assays. Please refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding your primary antibody. See also Technical Advice.
This protocol offers a general guideline for immunoprecipitation. Optimization may be required for each antibody and target antigen. The protocol uses 50 μl of Dynabeads® Protein A, but this may be scaled up or down as required.
Cell lysis
Cells may be lysed using any standard cell lysis protocol compatible with your starting material. We recommend the use of Cell Extraction Buffer or NP40 Cell Lysis Buffer.
Protocol
Preparation of Dynabeads®
- Completely resuspend Dynabeads® by pipetting or by rotating on a roller (5 minutes).
- Transfer 50 µl (1.5 mg) Dynabeads® to a tube.
- Place the tube on the magnet to separate the beads from the solution and remove the supernatant.
- Remove the tube from the magnet.
- Proceed directly to Binding of Antibody.
- Add your antibody (Ab) (typically 1-10 µg) diluted in 200 µl PBS w/ Tween 20, to the tube from step 4 above. The optimal amount of Ab needed will depend upon the individual Ab used.
- Incubate with rotation for 10 minutes at room temperature.
- Place the tube on the magnet and remove the supernatant.
- Remove the tube from the magnet and resuspend the beads-Ab complex in 200 µl PBS w/Tween 20. Wash by gentle pipetting.
- Proceed to Immunoprecipitation
Crosslinking
If you wish to avoid co-elution of your antibody, you should crosslink your antibody to the Dynabeads® before continuing with immunoprecipitation. We recommend using the crosslinking reagent BS3 .
Immunoprecipitation of Target Antigen - Place the tube (from step 9) on the magnet, and remove the supernatant.
- Add your sample containing the antigen (Ag) (typically 100-1,000 µl) and gently pipette to resuspend the Dynabeads®-Ab complex.
- Incubate with rotation for 10 minutes at room temperature to allow Ag to bind to the Dynabeads®-Ab complex. Note: Depending on the affinity of the antibody, it may be necessary to increase incubation times for optimal binding. Please see section "Technical Advice", for details.
- Place the tube on the magnet. Transfer the supernatant to a clean tube for further analysis if desired.
- Wash the Dynabeads®-Ab-Ag complex three times using 200 µl PBS for each wash. Separate on the magnet between each wash, remove supernatant and resuspend by gentle pipetting.
- Resuspend the Dynabeads®-Ab-Ag complex in 100 µl PBS and transfer the bead suspension to a clean tube. This is recommended to avoid co-elution of proteins bound to the tube wall.
- Proceed to Elution of Target Antigen
Elution of Target Antigern
Alternative protocols A or B:
A. Denturing elution - Place the tube (from step 16) on the magnet and remove the supernatant.
- Add 20 µl premixed NuPAGE LDS Sample Buffer and NuPAGE Sample Reducing Agent (mixed as per manufacturer's instructions). Gently pipette to resuspend the Dynabeads®-Ab-Ag complex.
- Heat for 10 min at 70°
- Place the tube on the magnet and load the supernatant/sample onto the gel. Note: An alternative sample buffer of your choice may also be used (e.g. SDS sample buffer). Follow the manufacturer's recommended temperatures and heating times for these buffers prior to gel loading.
B. Gentle, non-denaturing elution - Place the tube (from Step 16) on the magnet and remove the supernatant.
- Add 20 µl elution buffer and gently pipette to resuspend the Dynabeads®-Ab-Ag complex. Avoid foaming.
- Incubate with rotation for 2 minutes at room temperature to dissociate the complex.
- Place the tube on the magnet and transfer the supernatant containing elution to a clean tube. If the eluted protein is to be used for functional assays or stored , the pH of the eluate can be adjusted by adding 1M Tris, pH 7.5.
Binding of Antibody
Binding characteristics:
Binding capacity:
Dynabeads® Protein G have a binding capacity of approximately 8 μg human IgG per mg beads. The amount of Ab captured depends on the concentration of Ab and Dynabeads® Protein G in the starting sample.
Table 1. Binding strength of Protein A and G to different species of Igs and their subclasses
Buffer recommendations
For standard IP we recommend using PBS for antibody binding and washing steps. However, these may be substituted by other buffers of choice, such as alternative phosphate buffers, lysis buffer (e.g. RIPA, NP40), HEPES, Tris etc. The recommended elution buffer may also be substituted by alternative low pH-, high pH- or high salt buffers, depending on your target protein and downstream application.
Low affinity antibodies
When working with low-affinity antibodies which require increased incubation times, it can be preferable to pre-incubate sample and antibody prior to bead capture (Indirect Approach). This improves binding kinetics for the antibody while at the same time reducing contact time between Dynabeads® and the sample, thus minimizing non-specific binding. The Indirect Approach is also recommended when working with protein/nucleic acid complexes, e.g. in ChIP.
Incubation time
Increasing incubation times during immunoprecipitation can improve yield when working with low affinity antibodies. An incubation time of only 10 minutes is sufficient for most applications. Increasing the incubation time to 20-120 minutes can increase yield. Note that non-specific binding may increase with increasing incubation times.
Incubation temperature
For sensitive proteins, to avoid protein complex dissociation and minimize enzymatic activity e.g. when studying phosphorylation events, the isolation protocol including elution (2.5.B) may be run at 4°C.
Storage of Dynabeads® -Ab complex
For storage of Ab-conjugated Dynabeads®, we recommend using PBS (pH 7.4) with 0.01-0.1 % Tween-20 to prevent aggregation.
Storage of isolated protein
If the immunoprecipitated protein is to be stored, we recommend freezing the Dynabeads®-Ab-Ag complex after adding the elution buffer and sample buffer (step A.19). For analysis of the sample, thaw and continue the elution protocol from (step A.20).
Binding capacity:
Dynabeads® Protein G have a binding capacity of approximately 8 μg human IgG per mg beads. The amount of Ab captured depends on the concentration of Ab and Dynabeads® Protein G in the starting sample.
Table 1. Binding strength of Protein A and G to different species of Igs and their subclasses
| Ig origin | Affinity for Protein A | Affinity for Protein G |
|---|---|---|
| Human IgG1,2,4 | +++ | +++ |
| Human IgD | - | - |
| Human IgA, E, M | + | - |
| Human IgG3 | + | +++ |
| Mouse IgG1 | + | +++ |
| Mouse IgG2, 2b, 3 | +++ | +++ |
| Mouse IgM | + | + |
| Rat IgG1 | + | + |
| Rat IgG2a | - | +++ |
| Rat IgG2b | - | + |
| Rat IgG2c | +++ | + |
| Bovine IgG1 | + | +++ |
| Bovine IgG2 | +++ | +++ |
| Chicken IgY | - | - |
| Dog IgG | +++ | + |
| Goat IgG1 | + | +++ |
| Goat IgG2 | +++ | +++ |
| Guinea Pig IgG | +++ | + |
| Hamster | + | NA |
| Horse IgG | + | +++ |
| Monkey IgG | +++ | +++ |
| Porcine IgG | +++ | +++ |
| Rabbit IgG | +++ | +++ |
| Sheep IgG1 | + | +++ |
| Sheep IgG2 | +++ | +++ |
Buffer recommendations
For standard IP we recommend using PBS for antibody binding and washing steps. However, these may be substituted by other buffers of choice, such as alternative phosphate buffers, lysis buffer (e.g. RIPA, NP40), HEPES, Tris etc. The recommended elution buffer may also be substituted by alternative low pH-, high pH- or high salt buffers, depending on your target protein and downstream application.
Low affinity antibodies
When working with low-affinity antibodies which require increased incubation times, it can be preferable to pre-incubate sample and antibody prior to bead capture (Indirect Approach). This improves binding kinetics for the antibody while at the same time reducing contact time between Dynabeads® and the sample, thus minimizing non-specific binding. The Indirect Approach is also recommended when working with protein/nucleic acid complexes, e.g. in ChIP.
Incubation time
Increasing incubation times during immunoprecipitation can improve yield when working with low affinity antibodies. An incubation time of only 10 minutes is sufficient for most applications. Increasing the incubation time to 20-120 minutes can increase yield. Note that non-specific binding may increase with increasing incubation times.
Incubation temperature
For sensitive proteins, to avoid protein complex dissociation and minimize enzymatic activity e.g. when studying phosphorylation events, the isolation protocol including elution (2.5.B) may be run at 4°C.
Storage of Dynabeads® -Ab complex
For storage of Ab-conjugated Dynabeads®, we recommend using PBS (pH 7.4) with 0.01-0.1 % Tween-20 to prevent aggregation.
Storage of isolated protein
If the immunoprecipitated protein is to be stored, we recommend freezing the Dynabeads®-Ab-Ag complex after adding the elution buffer and sample buffer (step A.19). For analysis of the sample, thaw and continue the elution protocol from (step A.20).
Invitrogen Dynal® AS complies with the Quality System Standards ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 13485:2003.
Storage & Stability
Store Dynabeads® vials at 2–8°C. Do not freeze the product. Keep Dynabeads® in liquid suspension during storage and all handling steps, as drying will result in reduced performance. Resuspend the beads well before use. The buffers may be stored at room temperature. Use care to avoid bacterial/fungal contamination. This product is stable until the expiration date stated on the label, when stored unopened at 2–8°C.
Warnings & Limitations
This product is for research use only. Not intended for any animal or human therapeutic or diagnostic use unless otherwise stated. Preservatives such as sodium azide are toxic if ingested. Avoid pipetting by mouth! Sodium azide may react with lead and copper plumbing to form highly explosive metal azides. When disposing through plumbing drains, flush with large volumes of water to prevent azide buildup. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is available at .
Storage & Stability
Store Dynabeads® vials at 2–8°C. Do not freeze the product. Keep Dynabeads® in liquid suspension during storage and all handling steps, as drying will result in reduced performance. Resuspend the beads well before use. The buffers may be stored at room temperature. Use care to avoid bacterial/fungal contamination. This product is stable until the expiration date stated on the label, when stored unopened at 2–8°C.
Warnings & Limitations
This product is for research use only. Not intended for any animal or human therapeutic or diagnostic use unless otherwise stated. Preservatives such as sodium azide are toxic if ingested. Avoid pipetting by mouth! Sodium azide may react with lead and copper plumbing to form highly explosive metal azides. When disposing through plumbing drains, flush with large volumes of water to prevent azide buildup. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is available at .
Co-immunoprecipitation:
Purification of IgG from sera:
Chromatin immunoprecipitation:
Co-immunoprecipitation, automated washing:
- Lin-Lee Y-C et al. Nuclear localization in the biology of the CD40 receptor in normal and neoplastic human B lymphocytes. J.Biol. Chem. 2006;281: 18878- 18887
- Haren L et al. NEDD1-dependent recruitment of the gamma-tubulin ring complex to the centrosome is necessary for centriole duplication and spindle assembly. J.Cell Biol. 2006;172:505-515
- Pham LV et al. Constitutive NF-kappaB and NFAT activation in aggressive B-cell lymphomas synergistically activates the CD154 gene and maintains lymphoma cell survival. Blood 2005;106(12):3940- 3947
- Catrein I et al. Experimental proof for a signal peptidase I like activity in Mycoplasma pneumoniae, but absence of a gene encoding a conserved bacterial type I SPase. FEBS J. 2005;272:2892- 2900
Purification of IgG from sera:
- Kudva IT et al. Identification of a protein subset of the Anthrax spore immunome in humans immunized with the Anthrax vaccine adsorbed preparation. Infect. Immun. 2005;73:5685-5696
Chromatin immunoprecipitation:
- Wu Z et al. Interleukin-21 receptor gene induction in human T cells Is mediated by T-cell receptor-induced Sp1 activity. Mol. Cell.Biol. 2005;25:9741- 9752
Co-immunoprecipitation, automated washing:
- Wan L et al. The survival of motor neurons protein determines the capacity for snRNP assembly: Biochemical deficiency in spinal muscular atrophy. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005;25(13):5543-5551
100.03D_04D.indd Rev 006 5-May-2009