Investigate Neuronal Cellular Senescence in Age-Related Diseases

CellEvent Senescence Green Probe for fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry

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Cell biologists are focusing on the causes and treatments of age-related diseases, given increased life expectancies and an aging human population. Cellular senescence—exhibited by cells that have stopped dividing but remain metabolically active—is an important pathway for controlling unlimited cell division. However, if senescent cells are not removed by the immune system, a chronic pro-inflammatory environment ensues that can affect nearby healthy cells and increase the risk of age-related diseases. Senescent cells are more prevalent with increased age and are thought to play a role in many age-related pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s as well as inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis and cardiovascular disease [1].

Recent studies in mouse models have shown that specific targeting of senescent cells with a senolytic cocktail produced longer healthspans and lifespans [2]. The development of senolytic drugs, which can selectively kill senescent cells or inhibit cellular senescence, is dependent on characterization of the senescence pathway and its signaling molecules, as well as on development of research tools for identifying senescent cells in various tissues and biological samples.

Multifactor detection of senescence

Senescent cells are characterized by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, increased beta-galactosidase activity (senescence-associated (SA) β-Gal), heterochromatin foci (SAHF), and changes in cellular morphology [3]. Because there is no single marker of senescence, the identification of senescent cells requires correlating the presence of multiple biomarkers, including proteins involved in cell cycle arrest (e.g., p16 and p21), proteins associated with DNA damage (e.g., pH2AX), and increased β-Gal expression.

The detection of senescence based on the upregulation of β-Gal can be accomplished using a β-Gal substrate such as X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside), a colorimetric substrate that produces a blue-green precipitate upon enzymatic cleavage. Since the mid-1990s, X-Gal has been considered the gold standard for labeling senescent cells in tissue and biological samples [4]; yet, the X-Gal assay has several drawbacks, including its long incubation time and the difficultly of combining it with other staining protocols to identify other senescence biomarkers, which limits its usefulness in the development of senolytic therapies. Additionally, colorimetric X-Gal staining is only useful for brightfield microscopy applications; it cannot be combined with fluorescence immunostaining or detected by flow cytometry. The fluorogenic substrate C₁₂FDG (5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-β-D-galactopyranoside) has also been used for β-Gal detection; however, its fluorescent product is prone to leakage from the cell, making it incompatible with immunostaining protocols.

CellEvent Senescence Green: A fluorogenic senescence-associated β-Gal probe

To address the limitations of current senescence detection methods, we have developed the Invitrogen CellEvent Senescence Green Probe. This fluorogenic β-Gal substrate is designed for the detection of senescent cells by fluorescence imaging or flow cytometry, based on the upregulation of SA β-Gal (Figure 1). The CellEvent Senescence Green Probe contains two galactoside moieties, as well as an additional moiety that reacts with several functional groups found in proteins. This nonfluorescent substrate is cleaved by intracellular β-Gal to produce a bright green-fluorescent product (Ex/Em = 490/514 nm) that is well retained in cells due to its covalent binding to intracellular proteins. In addition, the CellEvent Senescence Green Probe is easy to use: simply fix the cells, add the reagent, incubate, and detect fluorescence by imaging or flow cytometry.

CellEvent Senescence Green Probe for drug discovery

In pursuit of both therapeutic targets and senolytic drugs for the treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, Viviana Pérez and her team at Oregon State University are studying how rapamycin, a compound found to increase longevity and improve health in several species, may exert its effect by inhibiting cellular senescence through proteins such as Nrf2 [5]. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates cellular protection genes, and altered Nrf2 function is found in many neurodegenerative diseases, making Nrf2 a potential therapeutic target. The Pérez lab has recently used the CellEvent Senescence Green Probe to show that there is an increase in senescent cells in the hippocampus of Nrf2-knockout mice, a mouse model previously shown to have premature senescence (Figure 2). The ability to stain tissues with the CellEvent Senescence Green Probe has allowed the Pérez lab to detect senescent cells in brain tissue more quickly and multiplex this fluorogenic SA β-Gal substrate with other fluorescent markers (data not shown).

Incorporate the CellEvent Senescence Green Probe in your senescence assays

The CellEvent Senescence Green Probe provides a simple, easyto- use fluorogenic β-Gal substrate for identifying senescent cells, can be multiplexed with antibodies and other fluorescent cell health probes, and facilitates the identification of senescence pathway proteins that can be targeted with senolytic drugs. Senescence research has the potential to profoundly affect the quality of life as humans age.

References

1. Childs BG, Durik M, Baker DJ et al. (2015) Nat Med 21:1424–1435. 
2. Xu M, Pirtskhalava T, Farr JN et al. (2018) Nat Med 24:1246–1256. 
3. Kuilman T, Michaloglou C, Mooi WJ et al. (2010) Genes Dev 24:2463–2479. 
4. Dimri GP, Lee X, Basile G et al. (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:9363–9367. 
5. Wang R, Sunchu B, Perez VI (2017) Exp Gerontol 94:89–92.