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Primary XPS region: P2p
Overlapping regions: Zn3s, Si2p plasmon
Binding energies of common chemical states:
Chemical state | Binding energy P2p |
---|---|
Metal phosphide | ~128.5 eV |
Metal phosphate | ~133 eV |
Symbol: P
Date of discovery: 1669
Name origin: Greek phôs and phoros
Appearance: white/red/black
Discoverer: Hennig Brand
Obtained from: phosphate rock
Melting point: 317 K
Boiling point: 550 K
Density[kg/m3]: 1823
Molar volume: 17.02 × 10-6 m3/mol
Protons/Electrons: 15
Neutrons: 16
Shell structure: 2,8,5
Electron configuration: [Ne]3s23p3
Oxidation state: ±3,4,5
Crystal structure: triclinic
Phosphorus was discovered by H. Brand in 1669 by heating concentrated urine, producing a snow-white substance that illuminated in the dark. Named from the Greek origin "phosphoros", meaning light-bearing, this element is an essential component of living systems and is important in agricultural and industrial applications. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic forms: white, red, and black, each of which is employed in a variety of applications including fertilizers, detergents, and steel production. Pure phosphorus is colorless and transparent, but ordinarily exists as a waxy, white solid. Phosphorus does not exist in the environment in its pure form, and is most often found as phosphates.